Structure in c programming

Structure in c programming:-

C supports following program structure

1. Preprocessor Commands
2. Functions
3. Variables
4. Statements & Expressions
5. Comments

Lets start with simple code :-

        #include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

    printf("Hello, Devesh\n");

    return 0;

}

Note:-

#include<stdio.h> :-It is  a standard for input / output, which allows us to use some commands which includes a file called stdio.h

int/void main():-It is the main function where program execution begins.Each C program must contain only one main function.

Curly braces:-Two curly brackets "{.......}" are used to group all statements in the program.

printf():- It is a function in C, which displays text on the screen.

return 0:- It terminates the main() function and returns the value 0.

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Storage Classes in Cprogramming

A storage class repsents  the scope  and life-time of variables which helps programmers to define a particular variable during program's runtime.
These storage classes are preceded by the data type  There are 4 types of  storage class.

1. auto
2. register
3. static
4. extern

1 Auto:-  By default it  is associated  with all local variables as its storage class
eg:-
int  number;
or
auto int number;

2. Register:- It  is used to define local variables which will  be stored in a register instead of RAM. This means that the variable has a maximum size which is equivalent to the register size .
 it is used  to make program execution faster.
eg:-
register int  counter;

3.Static::- The static storage class instructs the compiler to keep a local variable in existence during the life-time of the program. Static storage class has its scope local to the function in which it is define,
The keyword used to define this storage class is static.
eg:-
static int var = 9

4.Extern:- Variables that are declared outside of all functions are known as external variables. External or global variables are accessible to any function.

    It can be said that an extern variable is a global variable which is assigned with a value that can be accessed and used within the entire program.
eg:-
#include <stdio.h>

   int val;
  extern void funcGlobal();

main() 
{
   val = 15;
   funcGlobal();
}
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Arguments in c programming

 Function Arguments :-

1.Call by value method:  In call by value method the actual arguments are copied to the formal arguments, so any operation performed by function on arguments doesn’t affect actual parameters.

eg:-


#include<stdio.h>

int addition(int num1, int num2);   /* function declaration */

int main()
{
      int result;   ;       /* local variable definition */ 
    int num1 = 14;
    int num2 = 6;      
   result = addition(num1,num2);   /* calling a function to get addition value */ 


    printf("The addition of two numbers is: %d\n",result);   
    return 0;
}

int addition(int a,int b)    /* function returning the addition of two numbers */
{
    return a + b;

}

Output:The addition of two numbers is:20

2. Call by reference method: In this method, address of actual arguments  is passed to the formal arguments, hence any operation performed on formal parameters will affects the value of actual arguments.

eg:-

#include<stdio.h>

int addition(int *num1, int *num2);  /* function declaration */

int main()
{
   int result ;     /* local variable definition */ 
    int num1 = 14;
    int num2 = 6;
    
      result = addition(&num1,&num2);  /* calling a function to get addition value */  

    printf("The addition of two numbers is: %d\n",result);
    return 0;
}

int addition(int *a,int *b)   /* function returning the addition of two numbers */
{
    return *a + *b;
}

output: The addition of two numbers is:20

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function or method in c programming

Functions:-

A function is a set of statements that together perform some specific task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(),
A function can also be known as a method
There are some built in function available in c programming such as printf() is a standard library function to display output to the screen . This function is defined in "stdio.h" header file.
There are other  library functions defined under "stdio.h", such as scanf(), fprintf(), getchar() etc. Once you include "stdio.h" in your program, all these functions are available for use.

User-defined functions

C allow programmers to define functions. Such functions created by the user are called user-defined functions.

eg:-

 #include <stdio.h>
void functionName()
{
    ... .. ...
    ... .. ...
}

int main()
{
    ... .. ...
    ... .. ...

    functionName();
 
    ... .. ...
    ... .. ...
}

The execution of a C program begins from the main() function.
When the compiler encounters functionName(); inside the main function, control of the program jumps to

 void functionName()
And, the compiler starts executing the codes inside the user-defined function.

Advantages of user-defined function
It is easy to understand ,debug and maintain.
Reusable codes that can be used in other programs
A large program can be divided into smaller modules.Hence it is easy to understand

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Variables in C programming with demo

Variables:-

Variables:-  It is to store data in memory,which determines the size and layout of the                       variable's memory. The value of variables  may change during execution.


Rules of Variables:-

A variable name can consist of Capital letters A-Z, lowercase letters a-z, digits 0-9, and the underscore character.
The first character must be a letter or underscore.
Blank spaces cannot be used in variable names.
Special characters  are not allowed.
C keywords cannot be used as variable names.
Variable names are case sensitive.
Values of the variables can be numeric or alphabetic.

Variable type can be char, int, float, double or void.

1.Int :- It is used to store integer values

 eg:- int a=5;

         int b=6;

2.Float:- It is used to store real number 0r decimal number

  eg:- float a=10.3;

          float b=11.3;

3.char:-It is used to store char value,The size of character variable is 1 byte.This is an integer type.

  eg:-  char test='v';

4. Void:-Repsents the absent type value.

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keywords in C programming

  Keywords in C Programming:-

auto                  break           case                 char

const               continue       default               do

double             else              enum              extern

float                for              goto                  if

int                  long             register            return

short              signed         sizeof                static

struct            switch          typedef             union

unsigned        void           volatile              while

 It  is  a reserved words in C library and used to perform an internal operation

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Data types in C programming

  Data types in c:-

                                                       
  C supports three types of data :-

• Primary Data Types (Built-in):-

Integer types:-  
It  used to decleare both positive and negative values but no decimal v     alues. Example: 0, -6, 10

For example:

int a=3;

Floating type:-

Floating type variables can hold real numbers such as: 5.34, -8.382, 9.0 etc. 

You can declare a floating point variable  by using float or double keyword. 

For example:

float amount=10.5;

double  amount= 58.9;

Character type

Keyword char is used for declaring character type variables.

For example:

char demo = 'm';

Here, demo  is a character variable. The value of demo is 'm'.

The size of character variable is 1 byte.

•  Derived types:-

         Arrays

           Pointers

          Structures

          Enumeration

Difference between float and double


The size of float  is 4 bytes. And the size of double is 8 bytes. Floating point variables has a precision of 6 digits whereas the precision of double is 14 digits.









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Arrays in C programming

 Array:-

Array:-  Array is a collection of homogeneous data type element.
               When ever we want to represent a collection of same data type elements with a single                   name then we go for array concept.

                Each element of array is represented with one index index value.
                 1st element index value will be[0]
                 2nd element index value will be[1]
                 3rd element index value will be[2]
                 Last element index value will be(Size-1) or (n-1).



    Declare an Array in C:-

                     data_type  variable_name [sire_of_array];

   Initializing array while declaration

              int age[5] = {1, 13, 8, 16, 12}; or


               int age[] = {1, 13, 8, 16, 12};

Initializing array after declaration

  int weight[6];

  weight[0]=10;
  weight[1]=11;
  weight[2]=13;
  weight[3]=14;

  weight[4]=16;
  weight[5]=17;
   
Example:-

        #include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int weight [6] = {1,2,3,4,5,6};
    /* To print all the elements of the array
    for (int i=0; i < 6; i++){
       printf("%d", height[i]);
    }
    return 0;
}

        => C programming language supports multidimensional arrays.

Declare of  Two dimensional Array in C:

             
   int a[3][4] = {  
   {0, 1, 2, 3} ,  
   {4, 5, 6, 7} ,   
   {8, 9, 10, 11}
};

Note:- a[3][4] 

a[3] resepents rows and a[4] columns.

Example:-

#include <stdio.h>

int main () {

   /* an array with 6 rows and 2 columns*/

   int a[6][2] = { {0,0}, {1,2}, {2,4}, {3,6},{4,8} {5,9}};

   int i, j;

   for ( i = 0; i < 6; i++ ) {

      for ( j = 0; j < 2; j++ ) {

         printf("a[%d][%d] = %d\n", i,j, a[i][j] );

      }

   }

   

   return 0;

}

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Input and output in C programming

Input and output in C:-

 In C programming you can use Scanf() and Printf () function to read and print data. 

Example:


 #include<stdio.h>
void main() { int a,b,c; printf("enter any two numbers: \n"); scanf("%d %d", &a, &b); c = a + b; printf("addition of two number is: %d", c); }

Output:-

enter any two numbers:

15

5

addition of two number is:  20

Note:

Scanf() : is used to take input from the user.

Printf (): is used to display  result on the screen.

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Begain with simple programming in C

Begain with simple programming in C:-

     /* Writes the words "Hello, World!" on the screen */

#include<stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello, World!\n"); return 0; }

Display output:- Hello, World!

Note:-

#include<stdio.h> :-  stdio is standard for input /output, this allows us to use some 
commands which includes a file called stdio.h.

int  :-                      int is a return value.

main()  :-   The main() is the main function where program execution begins. Every C                                          program must contain only one main function.

printf() :-   It is a function in C, which display text on the screen.

return 0:-  At the end of the main function returns value 0.

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Introduction about C programming

Introduction about C programming:-

Introduction:-
C is a high-level structured oriented programming language, used in general purpose programming, developed by Dennis Ritchie in the USA between 1969 and 1973 to develop the UNIX operating system. C is the most widely used computer language.

C has  become a widely used professional language for various reasons :−

1. Easy to learn
2. Structured language
3. It produces efficient programs
4. It can handle low-level activities
5. It can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms

Facts about C

• C was invented to write an operating system called UNIX.
• The language was formalized in 1988 by the American National Standard Institute (ANSI).
• The UNIX OS was totally written in C.
•  C is the most widely used and popular System Programming Language.
• C ismost popular Linux OS and RDBMS MySQL have been written in C.

Advantages of C

• C is the building block for many other programming languages.
• Programs written in C are  portable.
• Several standard functions are there (like in-built) that can be used to develop programs.
• C programs are basically collections of C library functions, and it's also easy to add own functions to the C library.
• The modular structure makes code debugging, maintenance and testing easier.

Disadvantages of C

• C does not support Object Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts.
• There are no concepts of Namespace in C.
• C does not support binding or wrapping up of data in a single unit.
• C does not support Constructor and Destructor.

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